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AMBA (Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture) 转

已有 2375 次阅读| 2017-4-13 09:27 |个人分类:设计那些事|系统分类:芯片设计

转:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture



The ARM Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) is an open-standard, on-chip interconnect specification for the connection and management of functional blocks in system-on-a-chip (SoC) designs. It facilitates development of multi-processor designs with large numbers of controllers and peripherals. Since its inception, the scope of AMBA has, despite its name, gone far beyond micro controller devices. Today, AMBA is widely used on a range of ASIC and SoC parts including applications processors used in modern portable mobile devices like smartphones. AMBA is a registered trademark of ARM Ltd.[1]

AMBA was introduced by ARM in 1996. The first AMBA buses were Advanced System Bus (ASB) and Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB). In its second version, AMBA 2 in 1999, ARM added AMBA High-performance Bus (AHB) that is a single clock-edge protocol. In 2003, ARM introduced the third generation, AMBA 3, including AXI to reach even higher performance interconnect and the Advanced Trace Bus (ATB) as part of the CoreSight on-chip debug and trace solution. In 2010 the AMBA 4 specifications were introduced starting with AMBA 4 AXI4, then in 2011[2] extending system wide coherency with AMBA 4 ACE. In 2013[3] the AMBA 5 CHI (Coherent Hub Interface) specification was introduced, with a re-designed high-speed transport layer and features designed to reduce congestion.


AMBA protocol specifications[edit]

The AMBA specification defines an on-chip communications standard for designing high-performance embedded microcontrollers. It is supported by ARM Limited with wide cross-industry participation.

The AMBA 5 specification defines the following buses/interfaces:

  • Advanced High-performance Bus (AHB5, AHB-Lite)
  • CHI Coherent Hub Interface (CHI) [3]

The AMBA 4 specification defines following buses/interfaces:

  • AXI Coherency Extensions (ACE) - widely used on the latest ARM Cortex-A processors including Cortex-A7 and Cortex-A15
  • AXI Coherency Extensions Lite (ACE-Lite)
  • Advanced Extensible Interface 4 (AXI4)
  • Advanced Extensible Interface 4 Lite (AXI4-Lite)
  • Advanced Extensible Interface 4 Stream (AXI4-Stream v1.0)
  • Advanced Trace Bus (ATB v1.1)
  • Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB4 v2.0)

AMBA 3 specification defines four buses/interfaces:

  • Advanced Extensible Interface (AXI3 or AXI v1.0) - widely used on ARM Cortex-A processors including Cortex-A9
  • Advanced High-performance Bus Lite (AHB-Lite v1.0)
  • Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB3 v1.0)
  • Advanced Trace Bus (ATB v1.0)

AMBA 2 specification defines three buses/interfaces:

  • Advanced High-performance Bus (AHB) - widely used on ARM7, ARM9 and ARM Cortex-M based designs
  • Advanced System Bus (ASB)
  • Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB2 or APB)

AMBA specification (First version) defines two buses/interfaces:

  • Advanced System Bus (ASB)
  • Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB)

The timing aspects and the voltage levels on the bus are not dictated by the specifications.

AXI Coherency Extensions (ACE and ACE-Lite)[edit]

ACE, defined as part of the AMBA 4 specification, extends AXI with additional signalling introducing system wide coherency.[4] This system coherency allows multiple processors to share memory and enables technology like ARM's big.LITTLEprocessing. The ACE-Lite protocol enables one-way aka IO coherency, for example a network interface that can read from the caches of a fully coherent ACE processor.

Advanced eXtensible Interface (AXI)[edit]

AXI, the third generation of AMBA interface defined in the AMBA 3 specification, is targeted at high performance, high clock frequency system designs and includes features that make it suitable for high speed sub-micrometer interconnect:

  • separate address/control and data phases
  • support for unaligned data transfers using byte strobes
  • burst based transactions with only start address issued
  • issuing of multiple outstanding addresses with out of order responses
  • easy addition of register stages to provide timing closure.

Advanced High-performance Bus (AHB)[edit]

AHB is a bus protocol introduced in Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture version 2 published by ARM Ltd company.

In addition to previous release, it has the following features:

  • large bus-widths (64/128 bit).

A simple transaction on the AHB consists of an address phase and a subsequent data phase (without wait states: only two bus-cycles). Access to the target device is controlled through a MUX (non-tristate), thereby admitting bus-access to one bus-master at a time.

AHB-Lite is a subset of AHB formally defined in the AMBA 3 standard. This subset simplifies the design for a bus with a single master.

Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB)[edit]

APB is designed for low bandwidth control accesses, for example register interfaces on system peripherals. This bus has an address and data phase similar to AHB, but a much reduced, low complexity signal list (for example no bursts).




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